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DD ELECTRONICS O objetivo desta publicação é disponibilizar aos técnicos, engenheiros e arquitetos, que tratam de conforto térmico, informações que auxiliem na tomada de decisão referente á estratégia a ser adotada para minimizar o calor considerando os riscos á saúde em ambientes quentes, – Saúde e Calor A combinação de altas temperaturas (significativamente acima do normal) e umidade relativa alta podem reduzir drasticamente a capacidade do corpo humano de manter a sua temperatura interna correta. Exposições prolongadas em ambientes com temperatura excessiva e umidade alta podem causar cãimbras, esgotamento, fadiga térmica, e até danos ao cérebro – AVC ( Acidente Vascular Cerebral ). Para alguns, especialmente para os idosos e infermos o calor em excesso pode causar a morte. O Índice de Calor (IC), também chamado de "Temperatura Aparente", é uma medida de como a umidade associada à altas temperaturas reduz a capacidade do corpo em manter-se frio e altera o metabolismo. O IC é a sensação térmica que o corpo humano interpreta quando a umidade e/ou temperatura variam. Por exemplo, se a temperatura do ar é de 28°C, e a umidade é de 20% o efeito destas condições no corpo eqüivale a uma temperatura de aproximadamente 26,4°C. Mantendo a temperatura do ar e elevando a UR para 70% a temperatura percebida pelo corpo passa a ser 31,3°C. As premissa para o cálculo do Índice de Calor são as seguintes: a pessoa a ser avaliada de estar á sombra, ao nível do mar, e sob vento de 10 Km/h. Exposições ao sol podem aumentar o IC entre 3° e 8°C. Variações na velocidade do vento normalmente tem pequeno efeito sobre o IC. A tabela abaixo mostra a Temperatura Aparente (IC) com base na Temperatura do Ar e a Umidade Relativa do Ambiente.
– Conseqüência do Calor na Saúde O grau de stress causado pelo calor varia com a idade, saúde, e características do corpo. Abaixo estão listados alguns possíveis sintomas de stress térmico associado a intervalos de Temperatura Aparente (IC)
Este artigo foi compilado a partir das seguintes publicações: Excessive Heat and Worker Safety – Universidade da Pensilvania, Heat Stress Disorders Guidelines – Universidade de Michigan |
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Most people say summer heat or humidity has a negative effect on their mood and temperament. (*A maioria das pessoas afirmam que o calor ou a umidade afetam negativamente seu o humor e temperamento.)
Source: Bruskin-Goldring for The Weather Channel |
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An
Experimental and Numerical Modeling of a Roof-Spray Cooling System ![]() "This paper describes the installation of a roof-spray cooling system on an air conditioned 25,000 square feet, well-insulated (R-19) office building. Tests were carried out during the summer of 1987 in order to compare the effects of the sprayed and unsprayed conditions on the surface temperatures of the roof, heat transferred through the roof, and the interior temperatures of the building. The results showed a substantial reduction in the heat transfer rates and the surface temperatures of the roof, together with a reduction in the inside temperatures."
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Summer Cooling
Load as Affected by Heat Gain Through Dry, Sprinkled and "As part of the general research project of determining the cooling load for summer cooling and air conditioning, a cubicle was built by the ASHVE Research Laboratory in Pittsburgh, PA" "The deck of the horizontal roof of the test cubicle was divided into 5-ft. square panels of various construction." Relation Between Time and Flow Through Inside Surfaces of Several Roofs Studied "This paper deals with variations in the heat flow through a roof as affected by the surface finish and by sprinkling or flooding during the summer heat when the space below is cooled and air conditioned." "The inside of the cubicle was summer cooled and air conditioned to 75 F and 50% relative humidity throughout the study. A Nicholls heat flow meter was attached to the inside of each of the side wall and roof panels in order to give an hourly measurement of the rate of heat flow through their inside surfaces. Thermocouples gave the outside temperature, the outside surface temperatures, the inside surface temperatures, and the inside air temperature 6 in. from the center of the panels, and, with the flooded roofs, the temperature of the water at different depths from the surface were recorded." |
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Simplified
Model for the Behavior of a Roof-Spray Cooling System By: "Roof-spray cooling systems are used to reduce the heat flux entering through the roof of a building by spraying a fine mist of water on the roof surface. This paper presents a simple periodic thermal model to predict the performance of a roof-spray evaporative cooling system. The present study also includes the effect of wind velocity and ambient water-vapour pressure on the system's performance." "In recent years the potential use of roof-spray evaporative cooling systems has received serious attention due to its capability of reducing the energy costs of air conditioning. With a single-storey or two-storey building, the roof's surface area is the building's largest source of heat gain. Approximately 60% of the heat flux comes through the roof." "From the results, it is clear that the roof-spray cooling system reduces the temperatures of the roof surface and ceiling significantly and a significant cooling effect results from the evaporation of water." "By spraying water on the roof, the heat flux entering the building is significantly reduced and hence the space inside is cooled indirectly." "The study was extended to analyse the effect of other climatic variables, such as ambient water vapour pressure and wind velocity on the system's performance. As the water vapour pressure in air decreases, the mass of water evaporated from the roo's surface increases, due to high potential for mass transfer. The higher evaporation rate results in a lower heat flux. Even in humid climates, the roof-spray cooling system reduces the heat flux significantly compared with that for unsprayed conditions as shown in the chart." |
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Research by P. Gandhidasan at The University of the West Indies in 1989 showed that 60 percent of a building's heat flux comes from the roof. Gandhidasan's experiment found that by using a water-cooled roof system, the temperature inside the building at the peak of the day's heat was reduced from 45 degrees centigrade to 25 degrees centigrade -- without use of an air conditioning system. |
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PRODUCTIVITY losses from high temperatures may be documented by your own production records. They are summarized in NASA Report CR-1205-1. The report shows that when in-plant temperatures rise over 85°, output drops by 18% and accuracy suffers from a 40% increase in errors. NASA Report CR-1205-1:
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Excessive Heat and Worker Safety |
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A combination of very high temperatures (significantly above normal) and a higher-than- normal humidity can severely reduce the body's ability to maintain a proper internal temperature. Prolonged exposure to these conditions can lead to heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. For some, especially the old and infirm, it can lead to death. The Heat Index (HI), also referred to as the "apparent temperature," is a measure of how humidity acts along with high temperatures to reduce the body's ability to cool itself. The HI is the temperature (in degrees) the body senses, based on normal humidity levels. For example, if the actual temperature is 100° F with 40 percent relative humidity, the effect of these conditions on the body is the same as 110° F with normal humidity (about 20 percent). The basic assumption in computing HI is that the person is in the shade, at sea level, with a wind speed of 6 mph. Exposure to full sunshine can increase the HI about 5° to 15° F. Various wind speeds can also alter the HI but usually have small effect. The table below shows heat index, or apparent temperature, based on current air temperature and relative humidity. |
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Relative humidity (percent) |
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10 |
20 |
30 |
40 |
50 |
60 |
70 |
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Air temp. (°F) |
Heat Index |
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105 |
100 |
105 |
113 |
123 |
135 |
149 |
-- |
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100 |
95 |
99 |
104 |
110 |
120 |
132 |
144 |
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95 |
90 |
93 |
96 |
101 |
107 |
114 |
124 |
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90 |
85 |
87 |
90 |
93 |
96 |
100 |
106 |
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85 |
80 |
82 |
84 |
86 |
88 |
90 |
93 |
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80 |
75 |
77 |
78 |
79 |
81 |
82 |
85 |
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75 |
70 |
72 |
73 |
74 |
75 |
76 |
77 |
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70 |
65 |
66 |
67 |
68 |
69 |
70 |
70 |
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To use this table find the current air temperature in the lefthand column; follow that row across until you reach the appropriate humidity column. The number you find there is the heat index (HI) or the apparent temperature. The degree of heat stress may vary with age, health, and body characteristics. Listed below are some heat stress symptoms associated with several apparent temperatures. |
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Apparent temperature (F) |
Danger category |
Heat syndrome |
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80-90° |
Caution |
Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and physical activity |
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90-105° |
Extreme caution |
Sunstroke, heat cramps, and heat caution exhaustion possible with prolonged exposure and physical activity. |
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105-30° |
Danger |
Sunstroke, heat cramps, or heat exhaustion likely. Heatstroke possible with prolonged exposure and physical activity. |
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130° + |
Extreme danger |
Heatstroke or sunstroke imminent. |
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Adjust work schedules to avoid the most stressful parts of the day. |
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